Modelo de bodega de datos para el manejo de variables matriciales

Los pictogramas (iconos) en los modelos conceptuales de bodegas de datos son elementos esenciales en el desarrollo de campos de estudio como la medicina, la geo- informática o la biología, estos aumentan la expresividad de los modelos y facilitan la construcción y el entendimiento de los mismos. Los pictogramas permiten representar estructuras complejas como trayectorias, puntos de interés, roles, entre otros. Por su parte, las aplicaciones espacio-temporales, promueven el uso de tipos datos no convencionales como los objetos geométricos. Sin embargo, se observa una carencia de pictogramas para representar elementos del álgebra matricial como vectores y matrices, las cuales son ampliamente usadas en disciplinas como biología, análisis de imágenes o contabilidad. En este trabajo se presentan pictogramas que representan elementos propios del álgebra matricial como vectores, matrices u operaciones, lo que permite la generación de modelos conceptuales de bodegas de datos en áreas que usan álgebra matricial como insumo para la construcción de modelos matemáticos como la contabilidad matricial; allí, el uso de matrices, vectores y operaciones facilitan la consolidación de los estados financieros. La transformación de modelos conceptuales de bodegas de datos en modelos lógicos sobre sistemas de gestión de bodegas de datos facilita el planteamiento de consultas al incorporar funciones que operen tipos de datos complejos como arreglos de una dimensión (vectores) y de dos dimensiones (matrices), lo que enriquece a su vez el lenguaje SQL.Abstract: Pictograms (icons) in conceptual models of data warehouses are essential elements in the development of fields of study such as medicine, geoinformatics or biology, these increase the expressiveness of models and facilitate the construction and understanding thereofs. Pictograms allow for the depiction of complex structures such as trajectories, points of interest, roles, among others. For its part, the space temporary applications promotes the use of unconventional data types as Geometric objects. However, It is noticeable a lack of pictograms to represent matrix algebra elements like vectors and matrices, which are widely used in disciplines such as biology, image analysis or accounting. In this research paper are presented pictograms that represent elements of matrix algebra as vectors, matrices or operations, allowing the generation of conceptual models of data warehouses in areas that use matrix algebra as input for the construction of mathematical models such as matrix accounting, There, the use of matrices, vectors and operations facilitate the consolidation of financial statements. Transforming conceptual models of data warehouses into logical models over database management systems facilitates the queries proposal by incorporating functions that opérate complex data types such as one-dimensional arrays (vectors) and two-dimensional arrays (matrices), enriching in turn the SQL language. Which enriches in turn the SQL language.Maestrí

Design, development and validation of a new laryngo-pharyngeal endoscopic esthesiometer and range-finder based on the assessment of air-pulse variability determinants

BACKGROUND: Laryngo-pharyngeal mechano-sensitivity (LPMS) is involved in dysphagia, sleep apnea, stroke, irritable larynx syndrome and cough hypersensitivity syndrome among other disorders. These conditions are associated with a wide range of airway reflex abnormalities. However, the current device for exploring LPMS is limited because it assesses only the laryngeal adductor reflex during fiber-optic endoscopic evaluations of swallowing and requires a high degree of expertise to obtain reliable results, introducing intrinsic expert variability and subjectivity. METHODS: We designed, developed and validated a new air-pulse laryngo-pharyngeal endoscopic esthesiometer with a built-in laser range-finder (LPEER) based on the evaluation and control of air-pulse variability determinants and on intrinsic observer variability and subjectivity determinants of the distance, angle and site of stimulus impact. The LPEER was designed to be capable of delivering precise and accurate stimuli with a wide range of intensities that can explore most laryngo-pharyngeal reflexes. RESULTS: We initially explored the potential factors affecting the reliability of LPMS tests and included these factors in a multiple linear regression model. The following factors significantly affected the precision and accuracy of the test (P < 0.001): the tube conducting the air-pulses, the supply pressure of the system, the duration of the air-pulses, and the distance and angle between the end of the tube conducting the air-pulses and the site of impact. To control all of these factors, an LPEER consisting of an air-pulse generator and an endoscopic laser range-finder was designed and manufactured. We assessed the precision and accuracy of the LPEER's stimulus and range-finder according to the coefficient of variation (CV) and by looking at the differences between the measured properties and the desired values, and we performed a pilot validation on ten human subjects. The air-pulses and range-finder exhibited good precision and accuracy (CV < 0.06), with differences between the desired and measured properties at <3 % and a range-finder measurement error of <1 mm. The tests in patients demonstrated obtainable and reproducible thresholds for the laryngeal adductor, cough and gag reflexes. CONCLUSIONS: The new LPEER was capable of delivering precise and accurate stimuli for exploring laryngo-pharyngeal reflexes